Highlights

Evolutionary Ensemble of Agents

We introduce Evolutionary Ensemble (EvE), a decentralized framework that organizes existing, highly capable coding agents into a co-evolving system for algorithmic discovery. Rather than reinventing the wheel, EvE fixes the base agent substrate and focuses entirely on evolving the guidance and skills that dictate agent behaviors. When applied to a research bottleneck in In-Context Operator Networks (ICON), EvE autonomously discovered a robust mechanism that enables reliable context length generalization.
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Zongmin Yu, Liu Yang

In-context modeling as a retrain-free paradigm for foundation models in computational science

We introduce In-Context Modeling (ICM), a retrain-free paradigm that infers physical relationships directly from observational fields. Rather than encoding system-specific behavior in fixed parameters, ICM assimilates measurements as physical context and performs inference through a single forward pass. Trained in a physics-informed, label-free manner using governing equations, a single model generalizes across unseen materials, geometries, and loading conditions.

Lingfeng Li*, Zhuoyuan Li*, Shun Li*, Kaixin Zhan, Huajian Gao, Changqing Chen, Liu Yang

In-Context Operator Learning with Data Prompts for Differential Equation Problems

Can we build a single large model for a wide range of PDE-related scientific learning tasks? We propose in-context operator learning framework with corresponding model In-Context Operator Network (ICON). A singe ICON model can act as an operator learner for a diversified type of differential equation problems, including forward and inverse problems of ODEs, PDEs, and mean-field control problems, without any fine-tuning.

Liu Yang, Siting Liu, Tingwei Meng, Stanley J. Osher

Full List

* Equal contribution    Corresponding author

Harness In-Context Operator Learning with Chain of Operators
Minghui Yang, Ling Guo, Liu Yang
arXiv, Jun 2026

VICX: Generalizable Robot Manipulation via Video Generation and In-Context Operator Network
Song Chen*, Linyan Xiang*, Ying Zhou, Liu Yang
arXiv, Jun 2026

Self-Evolving Scientific Agent Discovers Generalizable Physically-Reasoned Fluid Control
Boai Sun, Wenjin Guo, Zongmin Yu, Liu Yang
arXiv, Jun 2026

Evolutionary Ensemble of Agents
Zongmin Yu, Liu Yang
arXiv, May 2026 / GitHub

In-context modeling as a retrain-free paradigm for foundation models in computational science
Lingfeng Li*, Zhuoyuan Li*, Shun Li*, Kaixin Zhan, Huajian Gao, Changqing Chen, Liu Yang
arXiv, Apr 2026

Escher-Loop: Mutual Evolution by Closed-Loop Self-Referential Optimization
Ziyang Liu*, Xinyan Guo*, Xuchen Wei*, Han Hao, Liu Yang
arXiv, Apr 2026

Graph In-Context Operator Networks for Generalizable Spatiotemporal Prediction
Chenghan Wu, Zongmin Yu, Boai Sun, Liu Yang
arXiv, Mar 2026

VICON: Vision In-Context Operator Networks for Multi-Physics Fluid Dynamics Prediction
Yadi Cao*, Yuxuan Liu*, Liu Yang, Rose Yu, Hayden Schaeffer, Stanley Osher
Transactions on Machine Learning Research, Jan 2026 / arXiv, Nov 2024

PDE Generalization of In-Context Operator Networks: A Study on 1D Scalar Nonlinear Conservation Laws
Liu Yang, Stanley J. Osher
Journal of Computational Physics, Dec 2024 / arXiv, Jan 2024

Fine-Tune Language Models as Multi-Modal Differential Equation Solvers
Liu Yang, Siting Liu, and Stanley J. Osher
Neural Networks, April 2025 / arXiv, Aug 2023

In-Context Operator Learning with Data Prompts for Differential Equation Problems
Liu Yang, Siting Liu, Tingwei Meng, Stanley J. Osher
PNAS, Sep 2023