We introduce Evolutionary Ensemble (EvE), a decentralized framework that organizes existing, highly capable coding agents into a co-evolving system for algorithmic discovery. Rather than reinventing the wheel, EvE fixes the base agent substrate and focuses entirely on evolving the guidance and skills that dictate agent behaviors. When applied to a research bottleneck in In-Context Operator Networks (ICON), EvE autonomously discovered a robust mechanism that enables reliable context length generalization.
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We introduce In-Context Modeling (ICM), a retrain-free paradigm that infers physical relationships directly from observational fields. Rather than encoding system-specific behavior in fixed parameters, ICM assimilates measurements as physical context and performs inference through a single forward pass. Trained in a physics-informed, label-free manner using governing equations, a single model generalizes across unseen materials, geometries, and loading conditions.
Can we build a single large model for a wide range of PDE-related scientific learning tasks? We propose in-context operator learning framework with corresponding model In-Context Operator Network (ICON). A singe ICON model can act as an operator learner for a diversified type of differential equation problems, including forward and inverse problems of ODEs, PDEs, and mean-field control problems, without any fine-tuning.
* Equal contribution † Corresponding author
Harness In-Context Operator Learning with Chain of Operators
Minghui Yang, Ling Guo, Liu Yang†
arXiv, Jun 2026
VICX: Generalizable Robot Manipulation via Video Generation and In-Context Operator Network
Song Chen*, Linyan Xiang*, Ying Zhou, Liu Yang†
arXiv, Jun 2026
Self-Evolving Scientific Agent Discovers Generalizable Physically-Reasoned Fluid Control
Boai Sun, Wenjin Guo, Zongmin Yu, Liu Yang†
arXiv, Jun 2026
Evolutionary Ensemble of Agents
Zongmin Yu, Liu Yang†
arXiv, May 2026 / GitHub
In-context modeling as a retrain-free paradigm for foundation models in computational science
Lingfeng Li*, Zhuoyuan Li*, Shun Li*, Kaixin Zhan, Huajian Gao†, Changqing Chen†, Liu Yang†
arXiv, Apr 2026
Escher-Loop: Mutual Evolution by Closed-Loop Self-Referential Optimization
Ziyang Liu*, Xinyan Guo*, Xuchen Wei*, Han Hao†, Liu Yang†
arXiv, Apr 2026
Graph In-Context Operator Networks for Generalizable Spatiotemporal Prediction
Chenghan Wu, Zongmin Yu, Boai Sun, Liu Yang†
arXiv, Mar 2026
VICON: Vision In-Context Operator Networks for Multi-Physics Fluid Dynamics Prediction
Yadi Cao*, Yuxuan Liu*, Liu Yang, Rose Yu, Hayden Schaeffer, Stanley Osher†
Transactions on Machine Learning Research, Jan 2026 / arXiv, Nov 2024
PDE Generalization of In-Context Operator Networks: A Study on 1D Scalar Nonlinear Conservation Laws
Liu Yang, Stanley J. Osher†
Journal of Computational Physics, Dec 2024 / arXiv, Jan 2024
Fine-Tune Language Models as Multi-Modal Differential Equation Solvers
Liu Yang, Siting Liu, and Stanley J. Osher†
Neural Networks, April 2025 / arXiv, Aug 2023
In-Context Operator Learning with Data Prompts for Differential Equation Problems
Liu Yang, Siting Liu, Tingwei Meng, Stanley J. Osher†
PNAS, Sep 2023